Improvement in the methods of freezing and coqlinxj



A; c. TWININ G Methods of Freezing and Cooling.

Patentedlan. 20,1874.

Eveazdr construction, and

y the general evaporation,

ALEXANDER o. 'rwrnnve, on NEW HAVEN, eonnncrrour.

IMPROVEMENT IN THE METHODS OF FREEZING Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 146,624), dated January 20, 187 4 application, filed November 22, 1869.

by the evaporation of a volatile liquid, the latter is evaporated in a tight separate vessel or system of pipes by exhaustion of some sort, and the former liquid is cooled by contact with the vessel or the pipes on their outer surfaces. I herein propose to dispense with the pipes, sheets, or plates which separate thetwo liquids, as above, and thus to simplify and economize likewise to promote immed iacy and energy of cooling, by having the two liquids in contact or conjunction, while the volatile one is in process of evaporation by a pump or other apparatus for exhausting or removing the vapor as fast as generated. For this purpose I employ, as the liquid to be refrigerated,

water, either, as the case may be, pure or holdin g common salt or other suitable salt in solution, and, if found expedient, a little alcohol added. But, for the volatile liquid, I employ, for example, the sulphuret of carbon,being the liquid designated chemically by the symbol CS and which is nearly one-third heavier than water, and boils at 110 Fahrenheit; or, for other examples, I employ volatile oils of the class patented in 1846, in France, by E. Bourgois, for purpose of refrigerating by their and, by him designated as les carbures dhydrogeneflor the hydrocarbons,

. such as butyl (C H or hydride of butyl, (O

11 or a mixture of the two, or others of that class. These are lighter than water, and boil near down to its freezing temperature or below it; also, like the sulphuret of carbon, they are wholly insoluble in water, or, in certain instances, but very sparingly soluble. Whenever, in what herein follows, a volatile liquid is described as not soluble, or as insoluble, in water, salt-water, 850., absolute insolubllity is not necessarily, in every such'instan ce, intended, but only to a degree sufficient for the purpose and as designed. Volatile liquids which are not insoluble, at least,,to. sueh'a de. gree are excluded from this specification; but, on the other hand, the plan speeificed embraces. any and all that experience shall. show to be adapted to it. Again, the condensers, restor-E ers, or liquetiers employed in ice-machines for restoring to a liquid conditionthevaporsof the volatile liquids employed have heretofore consisted of pipes or coils surrounded and kept cool by flowing cold water. i I propose herein.

to dispense with these. pipes or cells, and to throw the vapor, under a suitable compression or tension, intothe condenser tobe commingled or in contact with the flowing cold water, or a shower or descending sheets thereof. By this I simplify and economize construction, and also promote immediacy and energyof conden.

sation. The restored volatile liquid, ,beingiln soluble in the water, W111 separate from it, and. I

may be drawn off and'preserved. I

The above are main features of my plan, but

there are subordinate devices tofacilitatethe performance.

companyin g up per figure on In the drawing,A(/is the evaporatingor vessel, from which the pump, L, as shown, is drawing out the vapor through K K, g H H is. the com denser or restorer, into whichL collects or comcooling in the direction of the arrow.

presses the vapor from A G, which, is therein restored to a liquid condition, as willbe further described,and escapesinto a receivin gexplained.

wise,

I now proceed tohexplam my j invention in detaihhaving reference to theac: drawing, in which the first. or A the left is a vertical section :1 I and side view; but the second or lower figure is a ground plan or view; and the thirdor up} per right-hand figure] is an auxiliary Section. i and plan of certain parts to be herein spect l face of that colander into the vessel or into the mass of "salt-water, that last being taken as the type of all suitable liquids uncongealablfe at the temperatures employed,) as shown atA B, and below it. The volatile liquid is thus made'to commingle intimately with the salt-water. In case the sulphuret of carbon is the liquid, its globules will settle slowly through the salt-water, but all the'while giving 01f vapor under the pumps exhaustive-- that is, drawing outaction, and abstracting heat from the liquid medium with which it is commingled in contact; but if a liquid lighter than salt-water-such, for eXample,'a-s hydride of hutylis thus commingled andevaporated, its globules will slowly ascend while evaporating, and so cool the mass. Ordinarily, in this form of the operation, th e intention might be so to adjust the quantit-yinjectedthatthe whole should be'v'olatilized withinthe uncongealable mass, or nearly so. During rapid action the refrigerated medium will be put into a commotion like ebullition by the escaping vapor. However, there is a modified form of this peculiar operation indicated in the drawing. In this the volatile liquidis supposed to be forced up from G, through the branch y (shown in broken lines) of the coiled pipe y w, and to enter an. upper colander, J J, and be showered down in union with the saltwater received into the same through at n or" R. It will be understood, in all that herein follows, that the volatile liquid employed is lighter than water, unless the contrary is expressly stated.

The cooled salt-water settles into the lowest part of the cooling-vessel. Thence the circulation-pump 1? draws it through the regulated pipe 0 c, and forces it up through a nalso regulated by the cock minto the top of the cooling-vessel, and into a colander, J J, which may be shaped like a circular ring, and pierced at bottom with very numerous and minute perforations. Ranged below this the drawing shows other like colanders in a series, as l 2 3, into and through which successively the salt-water falls. The escaping vapor impinges uponit and abstracts hea't during the descent. To prolong and add to this cooling effect of the vapor, there is a sheet-cylinder, B B, concentric with A O, and the vapor turns over its top, as shown by the arrows, and passes downward in union with a portion of the uncongealable liquid discharged from J J. This channel of descent lies between B B and a short central sheetcylinder, O, which causes the vapor to turn into its lower opening between itself and the surface I) b of the salt-water, as

- shown by arrows in the drawing. This last cylinder conducts directly into the dischargepipe K, already described. If the volatile liquid is supplied in excess, so thata mass of it floats to a considerable depth upon the saltwater, or above A B, the descending showers from the colanders J J, 850., will surrender heat to the volatile liquid in quantity to produce and be absorbed by the consequent evaporation of the latter. But, in fact, the mechanic can'introduce a n or B It, for discharging a stream of salt-water inmass to any part of A 0 he may choose, or can, if he prefers, supply the volatile liquid so abundantly that it shall constitute the chief mass of liquid 1ying below A B orb b, and which envelops 71, h; and, in harmony with this, the pipe t, illstead of conducting to J J, may pierce the side or shell of A C to the left hand of P, and be prolonged to enter h h, and so the salt-water will be injected up into the volatile liquid, instead of the latter being injected into the former. In short, any variation of apparatus or combination of parts which commingles intimately the salt-water and the volatile liquid during evaporation of the latter, or affords during the same evaporation a contact of thetwo liquids for the absorption of heat from the one by the evaporation of the other, fulfills the purpose and operation, and embodies the principle, of my invention, in this cold-producing function of it. The upper ri ght-handdrawin g shows an auxiliary for this intimate commingling and contact, to be explained further on.

The main use of thesalt-water or un con gealable liquid, so called, I come now to explain. First, let it be observed, that the salt-water, when refrigerated, is to be employed for making ice by circulating in a trough and around vessels containing the water to be frozen, essenti-ally in manner as explained in my own patent ofApril 15, 1862, and previously de scribed, with a reservation in my original or fundamental patent of 1853.

In the drawing, V V is one of the troughs, and W W, &c., are water-vessels for the freezing cakes. In a vacancy beneath these vessels there is a chest or pipe, or pipes, 2, opening by the conduit 8 into a. By turning the regulating-cock 00, the pressure between'itselt' and P may be made sufficient to drive a partial current of salt-water out of it into 8, its cock being open, thence into 1), and through the holes 0 0, to impinge upon the bottoms, and circulate around the sides of \V, and to issue into R R, that being the only open exit from the trough. By this last pipe the same is corn ducted into the colander I, and falls down in a shower through the vapor ascending by the central cylinder, as above described; or, by shutting :10 and opening 8 entirely, and intro ducing R B into J J, as well as into I, the entire mass may be made to circulate through V, and be showered down byI and J J through the vapor. v

The mode and means of condensing this vapor to a liquid after its being drawn from A 0 forms another and distinct part of my invention; but I defer it for opportunity first to explain the upper right-hand or auxiliary figure of the drawing.

As the distinction between the fbregoingand anything heretofore known or used in the art to which my inventionbelongs is distinct and unmistakable, especially in the respects first above pointed out, so it is equally clear, from the explanation of the invention thus far,'-that it will pertorm the better, in all the foregoing,

the more intimately and minutely the-volatile lliquid shall-be coin-minuted into drops-and cominingled with the salt-water or unbongealable. liquid, and vice v-ersa. Thefigurelast mentioned shows asection of the colander h h within the cooling or evaporating vesselA or AC. It also showsyclose above it, a grating, with bars It is f andi iterstices, and'a stem, q q, fixed to the ring of the grating, andq-iiercing the sides or shellof WVhen. q q is moved with a rapid alternate or reciprocating motion over or across theoriiices of h'h it cuts and comminutes the jets issuing from those orifices, and also comn'lingles them intimately in drops with the liquid which 1 envelops-h h,as described, in the lower part oi A0; or the same object may be efl'eoted by. giving the grating a rapid revolution upon a vertical aXis,'0, or, if the grating is station-j ary, and g is attached to h h instead otit, and] the reciprocating motion is thus given to the. colander theeflectwill be the same; and so, also, ifthe vertical axis shown is continued: down and attached to h h,-and the latter be put into revolution, while the grating is fixed, the efl'ect will be the same as-described.

1 now describe the mode and means above: referred to for condensing the vapor of the volatile liquid generated in AU, and escaping or drawn oii'jbythe pump L from that coolingvessel. This vapor, asshown, passes downK ,K into a vertical vessel, D D, and thence up into the inlet-pipe cc of the double -action pump L. It may here bementioned that, on

its way through K, itfimpinges against the coils of an ascending pipe, y to, through which pure wateris slowly conducted up to the twoaway cock, w, and through that cock, properly turned, into the reservoir 0 O. This last is is designed for containing the water to fill the vessels W. This water, entering cool through to, is further cooled by contact with the cold upper part of the shell of%, and maybe drawnoli bythe-cock F, shown on the right hand. The cylinder 1) D is supernumerary,

but may subservea valuable use in case the volatile liquidemployed is absolutelyinsoluble in water; for "the pure water to be frozen may be pumped, through a u, into the colanvder shown at-top, and, being showered through the coldascendin g: vapor, will settle in a cooled condition, at and abovey, 011 the bottom. l or want of room in the drawing, this-is shown so. low in position as would necessitate a mechanical forcing of the-water up through 51 winto 0; but, in actual construction, it would, if employed, be placed so high that the water woulflfiow into that reservoir by its own head;

and, in fact, the operation which is now to bedescribcd is not afl'ected'by the question whetherthevapor isdrawn into Lthrough K and D, or is taken through e-e directly-from 'thetop of the evaporating-vessel A. The vapor which L has taken in by its exhaust stroke will be of less than atmospheric tension, or of greater than atmospheric tension, according to the particular liquid and the temperature.

Either way, it is forced, by the corresponding return stroke, intot'he air-tight condenser or restorer H, through the eXit pipeff. In fact, this pipe is shown as prolonged down by X, and, turning up again by Y .to the top of -H, it discharges there the vapor into that vessel. At the same time the force-pump Q draws in thenatural-coolin g-water throu ghc, and throws it through it into thecolan der h ch, and spurts it up in spray into the-compressed vapor within H. The spray, being forced into contact with thecompressed vapor condenses :it to a liquid, and ialls down with it, thus condensed, to the mass 13 collected at the bottom. The volatile liquid rises and floats atop, while the warmed cooling-water escapes, or may be pumped out beneath through the regulation-cock s; but

lest it should carry oii' with it somesmall f amount of the condensed liquid, I surround H j at bottom by a chest,M, into which the waste water flows before being discharged through. a

bottom orifices 'z, and a partition,-l, is interposed, over the topof which, the waste water flows on its way down again to the bottom all this afi'ordin g opportunity for minute drops to separate from the water, and iloat, and reenter H through suitable openings-and of such partitions there may be anynecessary number; or, by shutting the cock oft, the w. ter from Q may be forced up land the pipe turning to the right, which is shown by broken lines entering the top colander ,7 j. Nextflt willb showered down through that and a se ries of colanders ranged successively. below it, thus falling through and condensing the vapor, and settling with it, as before, into M, The pipe I Zhas yet anotheruse, and 1s accord-v ingly drawn as. having an entrance at both heads of the pump L; but during and for the particular use just described it isshut oli' from that pump byclosing the cock shown, and 1 likewise is opened by another cock intothe 9 hipe which leads to .727

Any combination by or through which the pump L or other compressing apparatus-brill gs the com pressed vapor into intimate and minute commixtion or contact with the cooling-water from Q will perform theoffice, andi'ulfillthe object and operation of my invention, equally with the above-described parts andarrangemerits, in its-above function of recondensing the vapor to a liquid. For example,the colantlers h h may be detached from the waterconduit iiand dropped to the lower partof i H, and there be attached toand entered by Y,

which will have been turned downward accordingly. Bythis L willdiscliarge itsfcontents directly into h. h and, through; the ininute orifices of the latter, into thecoolingwater, and the va-por'beoome condensed. In

this condensed or liquid condition it will be. collected and utilized in manner essentially as in the form i of operation iii-st 3. described.

Moreover, the comminution and commingling,

through the water, of the vapor bubbles may be promoted and completed, if so desired, by the reciprocating or revolving apparatus figured in the upper right-hand auxiliary section and plan, and already described.

The distinction between the foregoing and anything before known or used in the art of refrigeration or freezing is palpably this, that heretofore, in machines where a liquid is volatilized for the production and application of cold, its vapor has always been recondensed by compression within a separate vessel or coil, or system of pipes, on the outer surface of which cold water was kept suffused or flowing, where as in my invention the cold water is thrown into the vessel itself and commingled with the compressed vapor, so as to abstract its heat, not through an intervening metallic sheet or plate, but by direct contact with or upon it, in this way reducing first cost of construction, afi'ording, in a' moderate compass, a great surface of contact and consequent action, and energizing condensation by the immediate and direct abstraction of heat without the resistance and enfeeblement consequent upon conduction through an intervening substance. Although I have herein claimed this process or system of operation only for the purpose described, yet I reserve other claims and uses of it for a patent hereafter to be applied for.

For returning the condensed vapor to the cooling-vessel A, to be used over again, the pipe 1"1' is made to pierce the shell of the condenser or restorer and project its inner extremity beneath the surface of the floating volatile liquid. This entrance into that liquid should'be at a tranquil part of the mass, protected equally from the ascending jets and the descending drops or sheets. The conduit referred to conducts into the colander h h through a regulation-cock, and the excess of tension or pressure in H will ordinarily suflice for the projection of the jets upward, as first described; but, entering the colander thus, the volatile liquid will be relatively warm, and the cooler G is con trived for a preliminary lowering of its temperature. This vessel is tight, and has a colander across its top and a system, m, of vertical cloths or sheets upon which the colander discharges its liquid. This last it receives from H or M, through the entering pipe 1' 1" a"; and the flow into and through'thisipipe is regulated and equalized by a sliding socket, partially uncovering an orifice at 1; in 1 1", and worked by the float N and lever N i. From the interior of G the exit-pipe k 7: opens into the inlet-pipe c c of L, and has its cock k automatically opened by the rod q 1 (worked by the engine of the machine) at the beginning and during a regulated small part of the exhaust strokes of L,

at the end of which fraction of either stroke k again closes. This same movement of q 1* which opens L also opens z 1" at the cock 7*, and thus opens M'to Gr, but it simultaneously closes the cock q, and so shuts off, forthe time, 1) K and the vessel A from the pump L. During that brief time the main pumps evaporating effect goes on within G and cools the volatile liquid as it runs down the cloths or sheets 1n. Thus cooled, that liquid settles into the coiled'pipe d, and, through it, is pressed into h h and pro jected from it in jets, as first above described, by the pressure in G. This pressure, although momentarily enfcebled by and during the exhaustive action of L within G, is reestablished by opening the latter through 1" 1", automatically, to the gas or vapor in H, so soon as k k and i 1" are reclosed, and q is reopened, and consequently the normal action of L upon or in A restored. The automatic vapor communication between G and H is lepresented by 1 1" and the cock of 1' 1" continued through 1" 1" upon one and the same stem, so that when q 1" opens the liquid-duct 1- 1' it closes the gas-duct 1* 1*, and vice versa. The vapor entering Gr does not essentially restore heat to the volatile liquid cooled therein, because the latter, as above described, has settled into the capacious coil (1, and is there isolated. This coil should be protected by a non-conducting covering, in like manner as A O is shown so protected by its casin g b,and the same of all refrigerated parts. This method of employing the partial action of the main pump is applicable to all cases where a volatile liquid, evaporated by a pump, is returned recondensed by cold and pressure to the evaporating-vessel, as A, of an ice-machine. Its effect is to curtail the amount of action necessary in the last-named vessel, and to as sist mechanical action, more or less, of the main pump. The cloths or sheets 1a are not essential, except to contract G in size by affording an advantageous exposure; but a mere injection'into that vessel, or themere presence in it of the volatile liquid, will be enough without m,- nor would it alter the substance of this part of the invention if a comparatively small pump with rapid strokes were substituted for or added to L, but with such automatic attachments that a single full stroke out of a specific number of. the smaller pump should take the place of the fractional stroke, as described, of the larger.

In such cases, also, the mechanical labor of the pump may be yet further relieved in the manner following, viz: The water-pump Q is so furnished as to throw cold water, during part of its stroke, through the pipe Z l,- or else a small force-pump may be separately used for the purpose. It injects through I 1 into each end of .L alternately during its reciprocating action, beginning to inject the water into the compressed vapor just so soon as the compression shall have reached the degree of tension at' which the injected cold water will begin to condense it, or to absorb its sensible heat, and ceasing to inject a little before the compressing or forcing stroke is completed, or, in other words, is come to the dead-point. The uncondensed and the condensed vapor and the injected water will together be expelled through ff and X. The water will settle into the vessel T, and escape through the cock t. The volatile liquid will float, and discharge itself into beneath the water.

H through g; but the uncondensed vapor will find its way into H through Y, as before described. The same precautions as already described'for the condenser H, and shown in and i by the chest M, against any part of the condensed vapor being carried off by the wastewater, may be taken, if necessary, for T. The

same will also be in place at the bottom of A C, if there required. a

s In ca se the sulphuret of carbon is employed for the volatile liquid, or any other volatile that is heavier than water, then the waste-pipe t must be lifted to a place as nearly up to the surface of the water in T as is otherwise expedient, while g must be depressed nearly orquite to the bottom of the volatile liquid collected In that case, also, the discharge-pipe 0 0 must be raised from the bottom of the evaporating-vessel to the upper part of a the salt-water or uneongealable liquid, and? corresponding alteration must be made in the place or level of the discharge-pipe 8. At the same time, the piper i" must lead into G from the bottom of M, instead of from its upper part, and the orifices z and diaphragm I must be constructed with modifications, which the foregoing descriptions will sufficiently and ob viously suggest and dictate.

What I claim, and desire to secure by Let ters Patent, is the following: a

l. The combination of a pump or other exhausting or evaporatingapparatus with an evaporating or cooling vessel containing a liquid uncongealable-at the temperatures employed, and also containing a volatile liquid not soluble in the former, and not isolated from it by a containing-vessel or pipes, but commingled or in contact therewith, and, in that condition, cooling the uneongealable liquid by its evaporation, produced by the pump or apparatus first mentioned, all substantially as and for the refrigerating purpose described; and the same pump or apparatus, with cooling-vessel and uncongealable and volatile liquids, in combination with the circulation-pump P and the colander J h or J J, or both, orany substantially the same, and for the purposes described. i

2. A condenser or restorer into or within which cold water flows, or is injected or showered, in combination with a pump or appara- .tus, by which the vapor of i a volatile liquid is V compressed or collected into the same, and in commixtion or contact with the cold water, and, in that condition, condensed to a liquid by the cold and pressure, all substantially as and for the purpose of condensation described; and, in combination with the same condenser and pump or apparatus so performing, the colsubstantially as described. a

3. The combination of a colander and the auxiliary bars or grating, or any substantially the same, used with a reciprocating or rotary motion in the cooling-vessel or the condenser, for the more intimate eommixtion of the volatile liquid or its vapor with the other liquids employed, substantially as described.

4. The employment, in any refrigerating or freezing machine, of a receiving-vessel, interposed on the way from the condenser to the vapor of a volatile liquid from the former, and deliver it to the latter after a partial evaporation, by the action upon it of a pump orevaporating apparatus connected with and opening into the receiving-vessel; also, the automatic rods and cooks, or other cut-offs, in combination with the above receiving-vessel and evap orating'pump, to utilize a partial stroke of the latter, or a single full stroke among many for evaporation in the former, all substantially as described. 5. Theemployment and arrangement of orifices and diaphragms in the chest M, or any substantially the same, for insuring complete separation of the volatile liquid used in any escaping or drawn off from the vessel, substantially as described. a

G. In the main evaporating and compressing the use or combination with it of an apparatus which injects cold water into its compressingehamber for the time being, to cool and condense the compressed vapor of the volatile liq-v uid.

ALEXR. G. TWINING.

Witnesses:

KINSLEY TWINING,

S. JULIA TWINING.

ander h h or or both or an ierformin evaporating-vessel, to collect the condensed vessel of a refrigerating or freezing machine a from the uneongealable liquid or cooling-water pump of a refrigerating or freezing machine, 

